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However, in the 1890s, a significant number of Belgian immigrants also settled in the Noblesville area in Hamilton County. Most Belgian immigration to Indiana occurred in the northwestern part of the state in Lake County and Porter County. The county was named after Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury.

Conner's house would also serve as the county circuit court.

The county commissioners first met on May 5, 1823, at the house of William Conner. The act took effect on the first Monday in April (April 7), 1823. The application was presented to the 1822–23 session of the General Assembly and the act was passed and approved by the governor on January 8, 1823. In the summer of 1822, after realizing there were enough settlers in the area, Conner and other settlers applied to the Indiana Legislature for a charter authorizing them to become a separate and independent county under Indiana law. William Conner was the first white settler in the county. The land containing Hamilton County was brought into the possession of the United States by the Treaty of St. The city of Carmel in southwestern Hamilton County was designated CNN Money's top place to live in 2013 and in 2017, the city of Fishers was named best place to live. In June 2008, Hamilton County was named America's Best Place to Raise a Family by due to its strong economy, affordable living, top-ranked schools, and close proximity to Indianapolis. Geist and Morse reservoirs are two man-made lakes in Hamilton County that offer recreational opportunities such as boating, fishing, and waterfront living. In 2010, Hamilton County was home to three of the state's 20 largest cities and towns: Carmel (8th), Fishers (9th), and Noblesville (14th). It is also the third densest in the state, after Marion and Lake Counties. Joseph County in population, making it the state's fourth most populous. Census, the county's population increased from an estimated 182,740 in 2000 to 261,661 in 2007, making it the fastest-growing county in Indiana out of 92. Today, the county is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States. The northern part of the county remains largely agricultural. Residential and commercial development have replaced many farm fields. However, after World War II, Indianapolis grew north and towns in the southern part of the county developed as suburbs. Hamilton County's roots are in agriculture. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Hamilton County has been the second most populous county in Central Indiana. Hamilton County is part of the Indianapolis- Carmel- Anderson, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Census 2010 recorded a population of 274,569.